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Genetic information is oftern used to establish biological family relationships - especially paternity.

In the past it was necessary to take blood samples in order to carry out a DNA test, so health professionals were usually involved in the process. However developments in technology have led to tests being carried out on other material - for example hair follicles or a mouth swab - without a medical professional getting involved. As a result paternity testing is now offered as a direct to consumer service.

Samples from the alleged father and the child are always required, but it is not always necessary for the mother to provide a sample in order to obtain a useful result. These developments have raised the possibility of samples being tested without the knowledge and consent of all parties.

In 2001 the UK health departments published a Code of practice and guidance on genetic paternity testing services (currently under revision) which sought to address some of these issues.